G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; MortgagesReturn

This paper discusses the effects of the ECB's asset purchase programmes (APPs) on the SER spread, while the main focus is given to detail intraday analysis of implementation of the Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP). The SER spread is perceived as an important indicator of interbank trust in the Eurozone and its elevated level normally signals distortion and mistrust among commercial banks with a power to spill over into the whole financial sector. Recent development on interbank markets and especially within monetary policy in the Eurozone could have impaired the ability of the SER spread to act as a proxy for global systemic risk. The SER spread in this study was constructed and calculated using relevant European financial data and the consequent analysis was made on intraday and high-frequency (HF) 2015-2017 data. The ECB's APP, mainly PSPP, together with other instruments of monetary policy have impact on both legs of the SER spread and this paper tries to identify and quantify the degree of this effect by detailed HF market data analysis. HF intraday approach analysis is also being implemented in order to identify which leg of the SER spread was decisive in determining the SER spread change in the first three years of the PSPP implementation. Whether it was the "sovereign bond-based leg" directly affected by the ECB's PSPP purchases or the "interbank lending / STIR-based leg".

The purpose of this contribution is to evaluate the regulatory measures of the Czech central bank within the context of financial consumer protection aimed at slowing down the growth of the mortgage market by introducing new recommendations to restrict LTV limits and other indicators. Households are taking advantage of the availability of mortgage loans in an environment of economic growth and low unemployment. However, the growth in real estate prices raises fears of an increase in systemic risk caused by the developing gap between the growth of household indebtedness and the growth in real estate prices. The paper recapitulates the main factors of the growth rate of household indebtedness and the extent to which the adopted recommendations are effective.

This paper investigates the implications and effectiveness of Basel III leverage requirements for the banking sector in the Czech Republic and its comparison with the Central and Eastern European (CEE) region. We discuss the relationships between the leverage and capital ratios and analyse their constraining effects and cyclical qualities. The empirical analysis consists of examination of the correlation patterns between the leverage and capital ratio in relation to the changes in the business cycles. We propose an empirical model that allows testing how the leverage ratios and their variables respond to the changes in the economic cycles of the CEE region. The analysis of correlation patterns among the variables suggests that the total assets or exposure in contrast to the Tier 1 capital are the main contributors to the cyclical movements. The regression analysis shows that the leverage ratio in normal times is strongly pro-cyclical to the capital ratio and counter-cyclical in the crisis period. The empirical evidence indicating the active balance sheet management in response to the cyclical changes advocates in favour of constraining regulations on the leverage.

The paper examines the Czech crown money market in terms of products and volumes traded. The interest rate time series for the last 10 years are surveyed, and a parsimonious model is used to investigate to what extent the marketplace serves as the starting point for pricing customer cash products. Although satisfactory long-term relationships are observed, market disruptions are breaking up the assumed coherence. Special attention has to be paid to the decoupling of official fixing rates (PRIBOR) and real market rates in the current low interest rate environment.

The article deals with the analysis of a relationship between macroprudential and microprudential policy on a general level and on an example of regulatorily required structure and volume of bank capital. Regulatory requirements and supervisory methods are described in connection with the institutional structure of regulation and supervision within the European economic area. An attention is paid to the development of supervision on an individual basis through consolidated supervision to supplementary supervision of financial conglomerates, which corresponds with the activity and structure of the financial sector, high rate of integration and transboundary action of financial groups headed by a bank. The European System of Financial Supervision and Single Supervisory Mechanism are presented. Development of the regulation of bank capital is analysed. The original microprudential approach is mentioned that involved macroeconomic impacts from its introduction. Based on the analysis of capital structure as conceived from Basel I to Basel III approaches of regulation to this important indicator are discussed. Instability sources and indicative instruments of macroprudential policy are analysed on an example of the excessive growth of credits and leverage as an instability source and countercyclical capital buffer, sectoral capital requirements and leverage ratio in the role of indicative instruments.

As liquidity problems of some banks during global financial crisis reemphasized, liquidity is very important for functioning of financial markets and the banking sector. The aim of this paper is therefore to evaluate comprehensively the liquidity positions of Polish commercial banks via five different liquidity ratios in the period of 2001- 2011 and to find out whether the strategy for liquidity management differs by the size of the bank. The results enable us to conclude that liquidity of Polish banks has decreased in recent years, partly as a result of higher lending activity but mainly due to the financial crisis. Almost all Polish banks are sensitive to potential massive deposit withdrawals. Only some banks finance their lending activity by deposits; most banks are dependent on other sources of finance. Large and medium sized banks rely on the interbank market or on a liquidity assistance of the Lender of Last Resort, small banks hold buffer of liquid assets.

The article deals with the liquidity risk in the banks in the context of the financial crisis. At first, the balance sheet and market liquidity are defined and the main principles of the methods for measuring liquidity risk, which banks use, are identified. Then follow review of main challenges of managing the liquidity of banks. Finally, it discusses qualitative regulatory requirements and eligibility of newly formulated standards with regard to minimum liquidity in general and in relation to the Czech banking sector in particular.

The paper proposes an application of the survival time analysis methodology to estimations of the Loss Given Default (LGD) parameter. The main advantage of the survival analysis approach compared to classical regression methods is that it allows exploiting partial recovery data. The model is also modified in order to improve performance of the appropriate goodness of fit measures. The empirical testing shows that the Cox proportional model applied to LGD modeling performs better than the linear and logistic regressions. In addition a significant improvement is achieved with the modified "pseudo" Cox LGD model

The paper provides an overview of the Exposure at Default (EAD) definition, requirements, and estimation methods as set by the Basel II regulation. A new methodology connected to the intensity of default modeling is proposed. The numerical examples show that various estimation techniques may lead to quite different results with intensity of default based model being recommended as the most faithful with respect to a precise probabilistic definition of the EAD parameter.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the structural determinants of the total loans volume in the Czech banking sector. Analysis of five selected characteristics is realized in period 2000-2008. It used the OLS regression analysis for estimate of model. The regression analysis showed that the concentration of the credit market and the profitability calculated as the return on assets (ROA) has positive impact to total loans and the quality of portfolio has negative impact to total loans. If the share of classified loans to total loans is decreasing, total loans volume is rising and if concentration ratio of the credit market and return of assets are rising, total loans volume is also rising.

The application, or to be more precise, the misapplication of securitization in the mortgage market had fatal consequences for the financial sector worldwide. More over securitization techniques enabled single banks to reduce their individual risk while at the same time transferred greater risk to the financial system. Meanwhile a lot was written on the causes for the recent financial crisis. In most cases inadequate ratings provided by the credit rating agencies and different principal agency problems were addressed. I argue that international and national financial supervisors established an inadequate framework for financial regulation and supervision, and among other failures, even supported credit rating agencies to further establish their businesses. Further on, I argue that early warning indicators of systemic risk in the financial sector and signs of the coming turmoil were irresponsibly ignored at the time they were perceived. What turned obvious during and after the recent financial turmoil is that capital regulation failed to reach its main goal - ensuring stability of the financial system. In particular, securitization and related credit risk transfer products were adequately treated neither in Basel I nor in Basel II. With the development of both Basel Accords capital ratios became the center of banking regulation. However, capital ratios are obviously not sufficient as a measure for a systemic financial stability. It is time to ask if the developments in Basel II are the right way of banking regulation and supervision and in particular, if capital ratios can be the centre of banking regulation?

The aim of this paper is to clarify the problems of microfinance and the sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFI) in financial crisis. We find, that MFIs are often considered as one of the most effective and flexible strategies in the fight against global poverty. Due to several often unsolvable problems obstructing the easier and faster development of these institutions such as: ethnical problems, managerial resources, legal recourses, unfortunate recourses and other, the operations of MFIs are often not sufficiently efficient. The microfinance sector is in general known for its adaptability and quite healthy survival of past financial crises. However, current global financial crisis is testing the resilience of MFIs hardly. The MFIs are much more connected to international financial markets now than it was the case during previous crises. Therefore we expect that they will not survive the crisis without bearing some loses. But the expected losses are relatively smaller when compared to other financial institutions.

The Basle II parameter called Loss Given Default (LGD) aims to estimate the expected losses on not yet defaulted accounts in the case of default. Banks firstly need to collect historical recovery data, discount the recovery income and cost cash flow to the time of default, and calculate historical recovery rates and LGDs. One of the puzzling tasks is to determine an appropriate discount rate which is very vaguely characterized by the regulation. This paper proposes a market consistent methodology for the LGD discount rate determination based on estimation of the systematic, i.e. undiversifiable, recovery risk and a cost of the risk.